Effects On Economy1850 To 1914 Essays - International Trade

Effects On Economy:1850 To 1914 Effects on Trends in Trade Policy from 1850-1914 The modernizing world of 1850-1870 belonged to an age of remarkable growth in international trade, stimulating the largest free market the world had ever seen. Yet by 1914, only 30 years later, the trend towards liberal trade policies had mostly ended, replaced by a revival of the protectionist system. A study of the variation in trade policies over time shows a remarkable growth in the power of interest groups to influence the institutional rules and regulations concerning international economic intercourse. The initial major trend can be partly attributed ternational conditions, whereas later trends are more attributable to the relative strength of the interest groups within individual nations and their ability to influence institutional policies. It is, however, necessary to always consider the impact of the international economic situation on the interest groups, as changes in the international arena often played a significant role in determining which interest groups held power at any given time. A convenient starting point for looking at trends in international commerce policy is Great Britain. Prior to the British initiative towards free trade, there were two main barriers to trade, natural and artificial1. Natural barriers were the long distances to be transversed and the high cost of shipping materials. Artificial barriers included tariffs and at times direct prohibitions on the import of certain goods. As the century progressed both barriers fell drastically due to remarkable advances in technology and through the international leadership of Great Britain. This lasted until the 1870s initiated the return to protectionism. Britain, as the first serious pundit for free trade, led the initial trade liberalization movement for several reasons. First, the philosophical roots which planted the argument in favor of free trade came to fruition with the publication by Adam Smith of The Wealth of Nations. This work was quickly expanded upon by David Ricardo who postulated the concepts of absolute and comparative advantage, and who showed that every nation involved in trade benefited. The first group of influential people to accept and use these arguments thus arose in Britain in the form of the international merchants and industrialists. Britain in 1832 expanded the franchise to the urban upper middle class, of whose numbers merchants and industrialists constituted a significant amount. Thus at the same time the merchants were beginning to advocate a liberalization of Britain's trade policy, they were also becoming empowered to influence the parliamentary rules. Younger politicians intent on simplifying the government architecture gained power as a result, including Robert Peel and William Huskisson. The greatest barrier to free trade in Great Britain in the 1840s were the Corn Laws. The Corn Laws principally benefited the landed aristocracy, the strongest group traditionally represented in Parliament. Thus the landed aristocracy can and should be viewed as an institution as well as a separate interest group, given their hegemony over policy within the nation for several centuries. The rise of the merchant classes and the enfranchisement thereof provided the catalyst necessary to promote a sweeping change of the traditional policies. In Britain this political turmoil led to a trend towards free trade and a demand for the repeal of the Corn Laws by the industrialists and merchants. Richard Cobden, an industrialist, formed the Anti-Corn Law League2 in 1839 which created one of the first large scale campaigns to influence public opinion. The Whig party saw the merchants as a way to gain more control in Parliament, but failed to win the election in 1841. Tory Sir Robert Peel was elected prime minister, already intent on making extensive changes in the fiscal system. The Anti-Corn Law League achieved triumph in 1846, not due to their extensive propaganda, but thanks to the Irish potato famine. Faced with mass starvation Peel decided to introduce a bill which would permit the duty free import of grain within a few years. In some sense it can be argued that without the Irish famine the era of free trade would have come substantially later if at all. As an international event it propelled Great Britain down the path of free trade, and it is significant that the Whigs, which became the party of the industrialists and merchants, were unable to attain the repeal of the Corn Laws without a significant catastrophe to aid them. In the aftermath of the potato famine, the Whigs gained power and eventually replaced the vast majority of the tariffs with an income tax, making Britain essentially free trade. The interplay of events leading Britain towards free

Describe the work and organisation of the people working at Bletchley Park Essay Example

Describe the work and organisation of the people working at Bletchley Park Essay Example Describe the work and organisation of the people working at Bletchley Park Essay Describe the work and organisation of the people working at Bletchley Park Essay Throughout WWII determining the combat plans of the enemy proved to be imperative. Britain was finding the war very difficult in the first two years and the ability to foretell when and where hits were going to take place was crucial. The main institution that mastered this vital war technique was Bletchley Park. This was a large Mansion into which the government moved its Govt Code and Cipher School. The main thing that Bletchley Park, under the dummy name of Captain Ridleys Shooting Party was aiming to achieve was to be able to crack the codes that the Germans used to broadcast their war plans between each other. The main code being used by the Germans was called the Enigma code, it was very important that they crack this code as the war was not going well for the Allies in 1939. The Germans were prevailing in most of Europe and Britain had been saved by the Royal Air Force who won the Battle of Britain. In response to this Hitler launched the Blitz which involved night time saturation bombing (or raids) of large inner city areas which was theoretically to cripple industrial productivity and lower morale. This was supposed to make Britons more desperate for peace. The code cracking began in that year. There had been attempts to crack the codes by the Polish but were not secret enough about it and so the Germans just kept changing their codes more regularly. There was a wide array of people with different skills working at Bletchley Park. Most of the employees were maths orientated minds, chosen from top universities, particularly from Oxford and Cambridge. There were many different departments e.g. one for army codes and one for naval codes and each department had its own hut somewhere on the premises. Source D is a description of the work in hut 3 it says Material came in from hut 6They had to translate them into English This shows just how departmentalised the establishment was and how each hut was crucial to the operation. The workers were sworn to absolute secrecy and were simply told that what they were doing was extremely important for their country. The confidentiality was even mentioned and praised by Sir Winston Churchill who said that Bletchley Park was The goose that laid the golden egg and never cackled An example of this concealment is found in source A. I hadnt a clue what was going on in the rest of the park and nobody else had a clue what we were doing, except the real high-ups. This source suggests that although each hut knew exactly what they were doing for their department but did not know what happened in other huts and how their work fitted into the jigsaw of Bletchley Parks code breaking. The high-ups that the source mentions perhaps include Alan Turing, Max Newman, Tommy Flowers and Heath Robinson all of whom had great influences on the building of the Colossus computer and the cracking of the Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. The reason the government chose their code breakers so carefully was because the task at hand was extremely difficult. The chances of breaking the codes were very slim, a massive 150,000,000,000,000,000,000 to 1. To help them to even start breaking the codes the intelligent scholar-turned-code breakers built the worlds first computer, Colossus. This proved vital for cracking both the main enigma code and also the Lorenz cipher, used by higher up ranks such as the generals and even Hitler himself. The workers monitored every message whi ch was sent from listening stations and passed them on to Bletchley Park for these workers to attempt to interpret. The actual work at Bletchley Park involved was quite complicated however because of the wide range of workers, each person would be doing the same thing over and over, for this reason the job was often very boring. The hours were also long considering the boring and yet difficult work such as writing down ninety letters a minute which had to be understood from Morse code. Source H shows the confined space in which the many people would have to carry out their monotonous tasks for many long hours. The job was also often very mystifying as most people did not have clearance to fully understand the degree of importance of the job; this made many people unhappy because as far as they were concerned they could have been doing the tedious job for nothing. Source B suggests this. It is a woman who worked there, upon arriving she said that Most people thoughtthat nothing would happen and we would all go back to London. This shows the lack of understanding, on the workers part, of the scale of the operation. After reviewing the evidence from the sources and working from my own knowledge and deduction I think it was vital to crack the German codes with the best intelligence there was and to keep the fact that they were being broken a secret, however, I think that the hours of tedium were at times unnecessary.

Public Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Management - Essay Example But in recent time, the emphasis on New Public Management/ Public sector management approaches has forced public organizations to pay closer attention to their services delivery as con summers have begun to expect and demand more for their tax dollars". In this instance, no consumer of public goods and services are content with grumbling about poorly- produced goods and services and the under-qualified, untrained employees who render these services to them. Hence, as societies become more critical and litigious, public service organizations must seek all possible avenues for improving their output and providing the satisfaction their clients require and deserve. This couple with the complex nature of governance in contemporary times, where government partakes in nearly every sector of the economy (statism) in service provision (though there is a reduction in this through the privatization policies of must governments), then there is the need to ensure that quality service is delivere d. Strategic management is usually associated with private organizations that operate in a competitive environment, but now it is a noticeable management technique adopted in the New Public Management, as a concept and practice, by public sector organizations. This essay tends to look at the advantages and disadvantages associated with the adoption of strategic management in public sector organizations. Also, the argument on the difference context of strategic management in the private and public sectors would be deliberated upon. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF TERM Strategic Management: strategic management involves a rational planning process directed towards achieving clearly defined coherent goals. According to Armitage (1992), strategic management is a continuous process that works to fit an organization into its changing environment. Strategic management is a broader concept than strategic planning. In the sense that strategic planning (or long- range planning) is traditionally regarded as a period process to develop long-range plans for the organization. On the other hand strategic management encompasses both strategic decisions making and strategic planning. Thus, strategic management focuses on any strategic decision that must be made, regardless of its time frame and the planning necessary to complement that decision. Strategic management is then conceive as "a continuous activity of setting and maintaining the strategic direction of the organization and its business, and making decisions on a day- to day basis to deal with changing ci rcumstances and the challenges of the business results; it is all about people, leadership, technology and processes. Effective combination of these elements will help with strategic direction and successful service delivery (OGC, 2005). New Public Management: the concept of new public management differs from

Discuss healthcare systems organizational structure, financing, Assignment

Discuss healthcare systems organizational structure, financing, mission, vision, philosophy, and values - Assignment Example ciety as a whole and how the overall healthcare system is linked with other sectors of the economy to support and bolster the overall good of the society. (Skolnik, 2012, p.52) It is therefore clearly established that the overall goals, mission and vision of a healthcare system shall be focused upon delivering good health and generating and allocating financial resources fairly. The financial resources of the healthcare system therefore either are generated through the public funds or through public-private partnership arrangements along with self-funding through patients. It is however, critical to understand that overall organizational structure can also result into the restriction of the access to the healthcare providers. (Andersen, Vedsted, Olesen, Bro, & Ndergaard,2011). The concept of gatekeeping into the overall organizational structure of healthcare system is resulting into a change in the overall relationship between the healthcare providers and the patients. Since one of the components of the organizational structure is service delivery it is therefore critical that organizational structure shall not be the restricting factor in the overall delivery of efficient and effective healthcare services to the patients. Andersen, R. S., Vedsted, P., Olesen, F., Bro, F., & Ndergaard, J. S. (2011). Does the organizational structure of health care systems influence care-seeking decisions?A qualitative analysis of Danish cancer patients’ refl ections on care-seeking. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care,

Credit marketed to cunsumers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Credit marketed to cunsumers - Essay Example Emphasis is given to the following fact: the marketing plans that promote credit have a series of severe implications for consumers. These implications are analyzed below aiming to highlight the need for setting barriers to the marketing of credit around the world. One of the most critical findings of the study seems to be the following: in the past credit was regarded as a tool used under exceptional conditions; today, credit has become a key part of daily life. Thus, the terms of its marketing should be thoroughly reviewed as of their effects on consumers. In order to evaluate the potential consequences of the credit marketed to consumers it is necessary to refer primarily to the methods employed by marketers for promoting credit. Commonly, marketers who design the marketing plans promoting credit use themes and issues related to critical social incidents or problems. For example, in USA ‘the credit cards that aim to cover medical expenses’ (Scurlock 6) are quite popul ar. Another issue quite important for marketers developing these plans is the marketing means used for communicating with the public, i.e. for promoting credit to consumers. ... In other words, the marketing plans promoting credit can appear almost everywhere. It can be quite difficult for consumers to resist to the dilemmas set through the relevant advertisements. However, consumers have started to face these plans with skepticism, especially since the image that these plans present in regard to credit-related products have been proved as unreal (Scurlock 12). The introduction of the concept of credit score is considered as an effort of marketers to control the concerns of consumers towards the credit-related financial products (Scurlock 127). The positive credit report has been set as a prerequisite for the extension of existing credit or for the provision of credit; the last case refers to consumers who borrow money for the first time (Scurlock 127). The credit report is based on credit scores: a high credit score denotes a consistent borrower while a low credit score indicates the failure of the borrower to respond to his obligations in regard to his deb t (Scurlock 127). Today, credit score is used for checking the overall financial status of a person, a fact that has caused strong criticism; for example, a candidate for a specific job may be asked to bring his credit report before signing the employment contract (Scurlock 128). The above practice violates human rights since it justifies the access to private data (Scurlock 128). Although it is widely used, the credit report hides a series of risks: a) by emphasizing on credit report and on the importance of credit score authorities and organizations seem to promote a specific trend: consumers are urged to put all their efforts for protecting their credit score. In this

Relationship between Health and Education

Relationship between Health and Education Lachlan Donnet-Jones Health Care Where People Live and Work The World Health Organisation (WHO) originally proposed a definition for health literacy that was later adapted by Nutbeam (1998) as ‘the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand and use information in ways which promote and maintain good health’. Health literacy is essential in health care, as it allows individuals to access available health services and actively participate in the decisions and management of their health and wellbeing (Institute of Medicine, 2004). In recent years there has been an increase in chronic illness largely associated with an ageing population. This is placing immense pressure on health systems throughout Australia (Department of Health and Ageing, 2012). Addressing the barriers to improved health literacy in older adults would lead to better health and wellbeing outcomes, while simultaneously reducing the level of dependence on the health care system. The health professional plays an important role in assisting elderly patients to develop a greater understanding of their specific health conditions, and therefore, allowing elderly people to take an active role in the management of their health conditions. Health literacy is more than possessing the ability to read and write, it encompasses an active role in accessing available health care services, self-care of chronic conditions and maintaining an adequate level of general health and wellbeing (Institute of Medicine, 2004). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) report on social trends (2009), 59% of Australian adults have inadequate health literacy levels, and this figure is even higher in the Tasmanian population (63%). This essentially means that the majority of people, even those with university degrees or higher education, fail to understand basic health information, such as, safe drug and alcohol use, disease prevention, first aid and sustainable wellbeing (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009). Poor health literacy affects patients in various ways including; inability to accurately remember information provided by health professionals, less knowledge of the causes of ill-health, less likely to use health services designed to prevent and detect conditions (e.g. cancer screening, childhood health assessments and immunisations), and are more dependent on healthcare providers (e.g. hospitals and emergency services) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009). Numerous tests have been developed to determine an individual’s level of health literacy, such as, the Newest Vital Sign (NVS), a nutrition label based test that takes approximately three minutes to complete. Other general indications of poor health literacy are; avoiding paperwork, using appearance to identify medications rather than labels, and a reluctance to complete forms. Health literacy is an essential component of Primary Health Care (PHC). PHC aims to promote health, develop communities, act as an advocate for health services, provide rehabilitation, prevent illness, and care for the sick. (Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute, 2006). Health literacy can be improved by implementing various PHC strategies that are concentrated on addressing the social determinants of health, such as, social support, unemployment, early life and the social gradient (Wilkinson and Marmot, 2003). These strategies are focused on the promotion of health literacy skills and educating those in need, for example, free access to general practitioners (GP) and better health education in early schooling, are crucial programs in achieving improved education and health literacy outcomes. The relationship between education and good health is well established in the literature and is documented in a wide variety of research articles (Black, 1980). Education leads to improved general and health literacy, which creates a greater chance of better health and wellbeing in an individual. However, it is important to note that, as Nutbeam (2000) explains, while an individual may have access to education and possess high general and health literacy levels, this does not guarantee better health outcomes. Older adults in the Australian population are among those with the highest rates of chronic illness and lowest rates of health literacy, therefore, improving health literacy is essential to better manage chronic illnesses (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007-08). Older adults are among the most dependant on the health care system with some of the lowest levels of health literacy. This is due to a number of barriers including, education and literacy training, the technicality and complexity of health information, and the natural ageing process (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). The National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) found that 80% of older adults had difficulty using documents, such as, forms or charts (NAAL, 2006). Poor health literacy in the older adult population can seriously interfere with the day-to-day care of chronic illnesses, such as, ischemic heart disease, which is the leading chronic illness and cause of death in the Australian older adult population (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008). Ischemic heart disease (IHD), or coronary heart disease, is the most common form of heart disease and cause of heart attacks (Mount Sinai Hospital, 2014). IHD is caused by plaque build-up on the walls of coronary arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow to the heart (Dorling, 2009). In Australia, approximately 10,000 people die from heart disease each year (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007-08). IHD is a generally preventable disease. There is no single cause of IHD, there is however, numerous contributing factors that increase the risk of developing the disease (Heart Foundation, 2011). The first step, and perhaps the most fundamental, in preventing IHD in older adults, is educating individuals on the risk factors relevant to them. The Australian Heart Foundation (2011) provides a list of two varieties of risk factors, modifiable and non-modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors include; age, ethnic background, family history of heart disease. The modifiable (preventable) risk factors include; smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, obesity and lack of social support/social isolation (Heart Foundation, 2011). Health literacy is crucial in the management of IHD, as aforementioned, the majority of contributing risk factors are dependent on the lifestyle choices of the individual, meaning that with the right motivation and knowledge, the disease can, for the most part, be prevented. Improving health literacy is the responsibility of the individual, the community, the government, and the health professional. The health professional has a direct and significant role in improving health literacy as they are the primary source for information, education and have the greatest level of patient contact. During interviews with older adults conducted in a study by the Department of Health and Ageing (2012), it was found that post hospitalisation patients were largely left confused with only their own resources to cope with the challenges of their condition. The patient needs to be provided with the resources, education and support necessary to provide a foundation for building health literacy, leading to better self-management and improved patient outcomes (Department of Health and Ageing, 2012). Supporting development of behaviour change, implementing a patient-centred approach, providing patients with positive reinforcement and creating an environment that allows for progression and constructive change, are among the responsibilities of the health professional (Institute of Medicine, 2004). The patients’ responsibilities are to engage in treatment plans, follow self-management instructions and cooperate with health professionals in the best interest of their health and wellbeing (Nutbeam, 2000). Improving communication is fundamental to increasing health literacy. Health professionals can improve communication by using methods, such as, the talk back technique, which is when the health professional asks the patient to repeat the information provided, back to the health professional, demonstrating their understanding (Stein-Parbury, 2013). Using various physical materials to visualise information, such as, charts, graphs, and instructions, is another useful method to improving communication of information and increasing the patients’ level of understanding (Stein-Parbury, 2013). Using effective communication methods and techniques, the health professional can empower the patient to access the necessary resources and become active in managing their own health needs (Nutbeam, 2000). This is exceedingly important in the management of IHD, as patient decisions are crucial in reducing the risk factors contributing to the disease. In conclusion, health literacy is fundamental to providing effective health care. Patients, health professionals, communities and governments all play an important role in health literacy, whether it be empowering patients or funding educational programs. A rising quantity of evidence supports the importance of communication in professional health care. Some groups are predisposed by social determinants to have poor health literacy levels, such as the elderly. Elderly patients suffer greatly from preventable illnesses, such as, ischemic heart disease. It is therefore, understandable that it is necessary to provide comprehensive education and focus resources on improving health literacy in all communities. References Australian Bureau of Statistics, Social Trends 4102.0 (2009). Available at:Â  http://www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/101117/poh_fact_sheet_DHHS_health_literacy_20120630.pdf [Accessed 20 May. 2014]. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2001).4364.0 National Health Survey: summary of Results, 2007-08; 3464.0 National Health Survey: summary of results, 2001. Available atAustralian Bureau of Statistics (www.abs.gov.au)[Accessed 23 May. 2014]. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (2008). Australia’s health 2008. Cat. no. AUS 99. Canberra: AIHW. Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442453674 [Accessed 26 May, 2014] Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute (APHCRI) (2006). ADGP Primary Health 42. Care Position Statement 2005, also included in the Australian Medical Association Primary Health Care position paper, 2006. Black, D.(1980)Inequalities in Health: Report of a Research Working Group. Available at: http://www.sochealth.co.uk/history/black.htm. [Accessed 20 May. 2014]. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011). CDC Importance Health Literacy for Older Adults Audiences Develop Materials Health Literacy. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/healthliteracy/developmaterials/audiences/olderadults/importance.html [Accessed 19 May. 2014]. Department of Health and Ageing (2012).Improving Health Literacy in Seniors with Chronic Illness. National Seniors Productive Ageing Centre (NSPAC). Available at: http://www.productiveageing.com.au/userfiles/file/ImprovingHealthLiteracy%20Low%20Res.pdf [Accessed 22 May. 2014]. Dorling K. (2009) Coronary heart disease inThe human body book: An illustrated guide to its structure, function and disorders, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., London, United Kingdom. Heart Foundation (2011). Data and Statistics. Available at: http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/information-for-professionals/data-and-statistics/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 23 May. 2014]. Institute of Medicine (2004). Health Literacy: A prescription to end confusion. Nielsen-Bohlman L, Panzer A, Kindig DA, editors. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press 2004. Mount Sinai Hospital (2014).Heart Attack Coronary Artery Disease Treatment. Available at: http://www.mountsinai.org/patient-care/service-areas/heart/areas-of-care/heart-attack-coronary-artery-disease[Accessed 22 May. 2014]. National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) (2006).2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy. National Centre for Education Statistics. Available at: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/2006483.pdf [Accessed 18 May. 2014]. Nutbeam, D.(1998)Health promotion glossary, Health Promotion International,13:349-64. Nutbeam, D.(2000)Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century, Health Promotion International,15(3):259-67. Stein-Parbury, J. (2013).Patient and person. 5th ed. Sydney: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. World Health Organisation (WHO) (1998)Health Promotion Glossary. Geneva:WHO. Wilkinson, R., and Marmot, M. (2003). World Health Organization. The solid facts retrieved from:Â  http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/98438/e81384.pdf [Accessed 22 May. 2014].

Shakespeares Othello - Essay on Iago as the Hero of Othello? :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Iago as the Hero of Othello?  Ã‚   In the play Othello, by Shakespeare, the character Iago is perceived to be a sinister and wicked individual to readers who have just read the novel. If people give more thought to Iago's character and the actions that he took in order to attain the things that he wanted, then they can find some admirable traits in him. There is not one character in the novel that is entirely good or entirely bad. Each character is complex in his/her own way. After reading this Shakespearean work of art, I found that if the reader wanted to find fault in everybody then they could. Does this make the characters villains? Maybe it makes the characters individuals who are subject to certain emotions and problems that up rise and occur during the struggle for power. From the start of this play, friction between characters was prevalent. What's a Shakespearean play without conflict of characters? In Act One of Scene One, Othello angered both Iago and Roderigo when a promotion was given to Cassio. In line nine of Act One, Scene One, Iago says, "In personal suit to make me his lieutenant, Off-capp'd to him." Iago wanted and even pleaded lieutenancy. When the reader learns of that, then the play starts to unfold. From this point on, Iago holds on to his anger and does several things to get back at Othello and everybody who is around him. In lines 36-38 of the same act and scene, Iago states "preferment goes by letter and affection, and not by old gradation, where each second stood heir to the first." By saying that, Iago showed that he took Othello's promotion to another person extremely offensive. Iago brushed the insult off of his shoulders and posed as if he had forgotten about it. He stated, "We cannot all be masters, nor all masters cannot be truly follow'd" (Act One, Scene One, Lines 44-45). A master was what Iago was determined to be. Iago was the character in the play that held the trust of an abundance of characters. How worthy of the trust was he though? He played games with everybody’s emotions. To a certain extent, the people who put trust into him are at fault also. Iago seldom told people things directly. He spoke of things happening in his dreams or assumptions that he made. Shakespeare's Othello - Essay on Iago as the Hero of Othello? :: GCSE English Literature Coursework Iago as the Hero of Othello?  Ã‚   In the play Othello, by Shakespeare, the character Iago is perceived to be a sinister and wicked individual to readers who have just read the novel. If people give more thought to Iago's character and the actions that he took in order to attain the things that he wanted, then they can find some admirable traits in him. There is not one character in the novel that is entirely good or entirely bad. Each character is complex in his/her own way. After reading this Shakespearean work of art, I found that if the reader wanted to find fault in everybody then they could. Does this make the characters villains? Maybe it makes the characters individuals who are subject to certain emotions and problems that up rise and occur during the struggle for power. From the start of this play, friction between characters was prevalent. What's a Shakespearean play without conflict of characters? In Act One of Scene One, Othello angered both Iago and Roderigo when a promotion was given to Cassio. In line nine of Act One, Scene One, Iago says, "In personal suit to make me his lieutenant, Off-capp'd to him." Iago wanted and even pleaded lieutenancy. When the reader learns of that, then the play starts to unfold. From this point on, Iago holds on to his anger and does several things to get back at Othello and everybody who is around him. In lines 36-38 of the same act and scene, Iago states "preferment goes by letter and affection, and not by old gradation, where each second stood heir to the first." By saying that, Iago showed that he took Othello's promotion to another person extremely offensive. Iago brushed the insult off of his shoulders and posed as if he had forgotten about it. He stated, "We cannot all be masters, nor all masters cannot be truly follow'd" (Act One, Scene One, Lines 44-45). A master was what Iago was determined to be. Iago was the character in the play that held the trust of an abundance of characters. How worthy of the trust was he though? He played games with everybody’s emotions. To a certain extent, the people who put trust into him are at fault also. Iago seldom told people things directly. He spoke of things happening in his dreams or assumptions that he made.

Eight Leadership Style Essay

Collegiality and teamwork are central to professional communities such as schools, colleges, and universities. Roger Mottram has conducted research and he found eight fairly distinct styles or team roles that managers consistently adopted. The combination of these roles in the workplace largely contributes to the climate in every organization. Thus, the efficacy and productivity of work processes as well as the pursuit of organizational goals, visions, and missions are highly dependent as to how the members of the organization plays these eight particular roles. The chairperson, because of his authoritative powers to control and coordinate the group and to equally sub-divide the workload, should act as the leader and push the group towards completion of tasks and pursuit of goals. He has balanced the character of being creative, enthusiastic, and people-oriented that’s why he can easily put others to work without colliding with personal judgments others have. It should also be noted that the chairperson’s work will greatly be hastened and effectively coordinated if the sharper comes into the picture. With him, difficulties will be easily cut through since he believes in getting things done as soon as possible. Also, since the sharper can command respect, inspire enthusiasm, and make things happen, it will be very beneficial if the sharper helps the chairperson in leading the group towards achieving results. Since there are two people now who act as leaders, the innovator comes into the picture and must be considered as equally important as the other two. Since he is the one who has the capacity of thinking new ways and strategies of solving the most difficult problems and transforming the group’s efforts by adding his insights, he must also be properly engaged with the team. However, the whole group must assist him because sometimes he keeps to himself the things that he thinks of. The workload will always be easy because the company worker will never fail to do his task of getting the jobs done passed onto him. He is a very determined and dedicated to his work. However, the sharper and the chairperson should always provide clear procedures and objectives to the company worker because it is the only requisite for the latter to work effectively and efficiently. Also, because of the low personality profile and the inability to deal with unstable situations, the other members of the workgroup, especially the chairperson and the sharper, should really guide the company worker. In the process of doing things and achieving goals, the monitor evaluator should always be present and should work hand in hand with everyone. He will serve as the critic and shall provide the different perspectives with regard to the things that the workgroup is trying to achieve. He may be sometimes pessimistic but when properly coordinated by the sharper, his thoughts will largely contribute towards providing clear solutions to problems and achieving the goals of the workgroup even in the presence of complex pieces of information. The team worker must always be present in the group to make sure that feelings, needs, and, concerns of members are properly addressed. Combined with the efforts of the chairperson, the team worker will be contributory to the effective workgroup climate that will exist in the organization. Also, the resource investigator will be helpful in finding and recreating, as well as exploring resources inside and outside the company. Lastly, there should be someone to make sure that everything is finished on the dot. That is the job of the completer. The combined efforts of all these team members will ensure the success of every organization especially in the achieving of goals.

Causes And Solutions Of Juvenile Delinquency Essays

Causes And Solutions Of Juvenile Delinquency Essays Causes And Solutions Of Juvenile Delinquency Paper Causes And Solutions Of Juvenile Delinquency Paper In a violent environment you are going to be more prone to be violent or a victim of violence, Whatever resources are more deadly available in their neighborhood is the one they are more likely to pick up. So, if they have new guns and old textbooks, they might just pick up the new gun. When they are living in substandard housing they might just feel substandard and depressed. They also are prone to have more environmental hazards in or near their neighborhood. All these previous things can have an effect on peoples genetics or them personally. Psychological The author in this section wants his audience to know that your problems can be passed on by parents and siblings through mental illness or behavior. There s a long list of people in jail right now that have some type of mental illness. It is probably over Of the jail population. The question that isnt asked in this article is: does the chicken come first or do the egg? In other words does the environment cause the mental illness or does the mental illness cause the environment. Think in a poor neighborhood it sis little bit of both. There are hazards and mental stress as well as trauma that come with living in a bad neighborhood. I believe that having to worry about safety and security can lead to mental stress, just as the article mentions. Bad neighborhoods also consist of many crimes, many of Vichy are seen by young children. This causes trauma to innocent people and Fatima is left untreated, it can cause mental problems in the long run, although it may not be evident in the beginning. Furthermore, mental illness funding for the poor and general health funding for the poor has been on a steady cut over the last several decades. This leads to less and worst treatments for those that sometime need it the most. So, this becomes part of a contributing factor Of the poor- having a higher crime rate across the board. This an lead to generations of mental illness that could have been prevented or at least lessen the problem. Social This part of the article talks about how you are treated in the family; whether a child is the first born, middle, or last child. This will all make a difference in how they are treated in the family and how they might be discriminate against. An example is that the oldest child usually has more responsibilities than their siblings. Therefore, they have more stress and may feel the need to do whatever they can to help the family- including turning to illegal work. The middle child is usually ignored, with most of the attention focused on the older and younger siblings. The younger sibling usually gets the most attention because they are the *baby of the family, Parenting Styles Regardless of the social factors in a family, it can all come back to how parents raise their children. Some questions Can determine aspects in a childs life such as: Does the child do what is asked of them with no reward or are they rewarded? Are actions (bad or good) explained by the parent When punishment is issued? Are parents holding their children accountable for their actions? Do parents cake an active role in their childrens lives, such as education? All this Will make a difference in a childs behavior in the future. These very things can make a difference in whether a child becomes a juvenile delinquent or not. Believe that if parents are inconsistent with their children, punish them for minor issues, never give positive feedback, or do not take an active role in their childrens lives, then they are negatively impacting their children and setting them up for failure. Personal: Social Sometimes, despite how great a childs family life is, there are still internal robbers that a child can face, Though they may receive all the praise and love from family, school, and friends, children can still become juvenile delinquents. One reason for this social problem is their personality, Everyone has a different set of personality and sometimes children are born naturally aggressive. Sometimes being easily angered or naturally irritable can cause problems in a childs life. No amount of tenderness or love from anyone can change this, in some cases. It is my opinion that natural aggression can cause violence and therefore make them commit crimes that other people who dont have the same animal problem would not do. Psychological The article states, Statistics show that mental illnesses are one of the biggest reasons behind juvenile delinquency in America and other developed countries. To me, this is very believable because of how mental illnesses can affect a person. People With mental disabilities sometimes do not have the capacity to learn morals or empathy. An example is people who are psychopaths. This is not a learned disability. The English dictionary defines psychopath as: a person With a psychopathic personality, which manifests as amoral and antisocial behavior, sack of ability to love or establish meaningful personal relationships, extreme egocentricity, failure to learn from experience, etc. This means that when a person lacks the ability to love, then they also are not able to form personal relationships, As humans, we are born with the need for companionship- it is a vital part to everyones lives. Also, the lack of empathy will cause people to do bad things without feeling bad. An example is stealing. It is morally wrong and when someone steals, they should feel guilt. Taut a mentally ill person without empathy will not feel guilt. Ere Groups: This type of influence can greatly affect a child. The article states that parents should make sure their children hang out with people who belong to their class because it prevents jealousy. Jealousy between friends can cause several crimes in adolescents. This can be a good thing because if middle class children are hanging out with other middle class children, there is no one to be jealous of from a friend Who has a richer family or a poor friend to be jealous Of everyone else. However, this can also be a bad thing because poor children are hanging UT With Other poor children, they may acquire bad habits those Other poor children may have. One evident problem among families in the poverty line is the formations Of gangs. These gangs can have negative effects in a childs life. They consist of negative and abusive behavior. Another peer group influence is peer rejection which can cause children to commit crimes because they feel they do not belong anywhere. I believe that a large part of an adolescence life is finding out who they are and where they belong. Society: Society affects what children see and also their environment. Social media is a rueful tool that society uses, and sometimes has negative impacts on teenagers. An example is bullying. Though bullying is extremely frowned upon, it still happens because many teenagers see more to this in the media than they do of people being kind and helping others. The news is always 50 quick to put out bad news than good news. Other things can spawn from something like bullying, into labeling. An example of labeling is a child who is involved in bullying just by being there, though they actually never harmed anyone. This child may be labeled as criminal by circumstance and poor decision on who they hung out tit.

Essay on Republic or DemocracyEssay Writing Service

Essay on Republic or DemocracyEssay Writing Service Essay on Republic or Democracy Essay on Republic or DemocracyThe concept of republic and democracy were not absolutely identical and Founding Fathers’ vision of the US republic differed from the contemporary view of the US political system. The Founding Fathers selected the best way of the political development for the new nation and they choose republic, where the nation is ruled by laws and collegiate government. They also established the division of powers to balance different parties, which were likely to start struggling for power in the US. Instead, today, the US political system is driven by the democracy rather than by republican concerns of the Founding Fathers.In actuality, the development of the US democracy emerged on the ground of the division of powers and fundamental principles of the US political system established by the Founding Fathers. However, the Founding Fathers stood on the ground that the US should be the Republic ruled by the Congress, the main legislative body, the President, the head of the executive power, and the Supreme Court, the judicial branch of power. These three branches were supposed to regulate and control each other. In the course of time, the distribution of power remained within the framework determined by the US Constitution. However, the democracy has become representative and its impact became prior to the republican system established by the US Founding Fathers. The Founding Fathers attempted to establish clear regulations of the nation based on the relations between powers and people were the major source of power. The modern democracy has replaced the direct democracy by the representative democracy.Thus, the development of the US democracy shifted toward the representative democracy.

Final Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Report - Essay Example It is both the largest meat producer and the second largest processor and food production company in the world. The company works with more than seven thousand independent chicken growers and employs one hundred and ten thousand workers in its four hundred facilities and offices. It operates in more than ninety countries and hopes to be the best source of food for hotels and households. The company’s core value is also to create value for its customers, shareholders and employees. Amazon.com Inc has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington and is the largest online commerce company in the world. It was founded in 1994, by Jeff Bezos, as a bookstore and has expanded to be a multinational company that sells so many products such as electronics, clothes car accessories among other products. The company has used its mission of being the largest web store to include other products such as kindle and cloud space in its portfolio. Time Warner Cable Inc sells TV and basic internet, triple basic, triple play, triple with turbo, digital TV and turbo, basic TV and turbo, internet, phone and intelligent-home. Its products are packaged according to the level and type of usage by customers for example they have the packages for residential homes and offices. The company always works to develop new and state of art products such as the intelligent-home that enable customers to save power and control what happens in his / her home without necessarily being at the house. Amazon.com has partnered with sellers and manufactures such as Dell, HP and publishers who sell their products through its web store. It also has an option for individuals to sell second hand products and products which they don’t use. Amazon products are divided into physical products such as clothes, electronics and furniture and digital products such as ebooks, cloud storage and music. It has developed the kindle where customers can read books, listen to music and share on social media, the

The Cold War and Post-War Economic Recovery Research Paper

The Cold War and Post-War Economic Recovery - Research Paper Example The Cold War resulted in an arms race between these two countries which lasted as long as the Cold War did. It was this era when one after another highly destructive nuclear weapons were created by both the U.S and the Soviet Union. This arms race did not only terrorize the people of both the countries but also affected the culture of these nations as well (Sakwa, 1999). After the Second World War European nations were in ruins, many cities turned into piles of dust and economies collapsed. U.S and Soviet Union were established as the strongest powers of the world and both of them had different views about the post-war Europe and its rehabilitation which resulted in the Cold War. This document enlightens briefly the history of Cold War and its impact on the Post-War Economic Recovery of the nations. Origins of the Cold War The beginning of Cold War was immediately after the successful alliance of the US and the Soviet Union in the war against Nazi Germany. The conflict took place whe n both the US and the Soviet Union perceived each other as superpowers with their political and economic differences. Soon after the war ended, the conflicts of opinion and differences started to arise regarding how the post-war Europe should be separated. ... Throughout the war, were the times when the atmosphere was relatively calm and there were also times when high tension prevailed between both the countries. Some of the tense periods include the Berlin Blockade that took place between 1948 & 1949, the Korean War which took place between 1950 & 1953, the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the Soviet war in Afghanistan which took place between 1979 & 1989. In most of these instances, both the US and the USSR supported rival groups and an indirect war was fought between the two nations. Both sides possessed heavy nuclear weapons that could have caused mass destruction. The use of such weapons was not made due to the same reason. Both the countries provided extensive support to any country that was deemed vulnerable or engaged in proxy wars, development of extensive nuclear weapons, rivalry in economic developments or rivalry in sports events. Attempts were made to get support from neutral nations. Stiff competition took place in technolog ical development which was represented by engaging in space race. There was a very high risk of destruction of both the superpowers because of nuclear exchange either by accident or mistake however both the countries sought to prevent any direct attack through agreements. Later on, the economic and military pressure on the Soviet Union was increased by the United States as Soviet Union was not so successful in developing its economy. As a result Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 which heralded the end of Cold War leaving US as the most dominant power of the world. The impact of the Cold War has been quite significant on the American culture and how the post-war economic recovery of the European nations was planned and implemented (Foner, 2009). Post-war Economic Recovery in Europe, Japan